Networked Systems Laboratory

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The Domain Name System (DNS) has evolved into an essential component of network communications, as well as a critical component of critical industrial systems (CIS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) network connection. DNS over HTTPS (DoH) encapsulating DNS within HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) does not eliminate network access exploitation. This paper proposes a hybrid deep learning model for the early classification of encoded network traffic into one of the two classes: DoH and NonDoH. They can be malicious, benign, or zero-day attacks. The proposed scheme incorporates the swiftness of the convolutional neural network (CNN) in extracting useful information and the ease of long short-term memory (LSTM) in learning long-term dependencies. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach accurately classifies the encoded network traffic as DoH or NonDoH and characterizes the traffic as benign, zero-day, or malicious. The proposed robust hybrid deep learning model had high accuracy and precision of 99.28%, recall of 99.75%, and AUC of 0.9975 at a minimal training and testing time of 745s and 0.000324s, respectively. In addition to outperforming other compared contemporary algorithms and existing techniques, the proposed technique significantly detects all attack types. This study also investigated the impact of the SMOTE technique as a tool for data balancing. To further validate the reliability of the proposed scheme, an industrial control system SCADA (ICS-SCADA) dataset, in addition to two (2) other cyber-security datasets (NSL-KDD and CICDS2017), were evaluated. Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC) was employed to validate the model performance, confirming the applicability of the proposed model in a critical industrial system such as SCADA.

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This study proposes secure federated learning (FL)-based architecture for the industrial internet of things (IIoT) with a novel client selection mechanism to enhance the learning performance. In order to secure the FL architecture and ensure that available clients are trustworthy, a certificate authority (CA) is adopted. In traditional FL, an aggregation technique known as federated averaging (FedAvg) is utilized to collect local model parameters by selecting a random subset of clients for the training process. However, the random selection may lead to uncertainty and negatively influence the overall FL performance. Moreover, state-of-the-art studies on client selection mainly rely on client’s additional information, which raises a privacy issue. Therefore, a novel client selection mechanism based on client evaluation accuracy called ACS is introduced in this work to improve FL performance while preserving client privacy. Unlike other client selection methods, ACS relies only on the updated local parameter, which is evaluated in the FL server. The proposed ACS considers the highest-performing clients to fasten the convergence time in the FL. Based on the extensive performance evaluation performed in this work using MNIST and F-MNIST datasets with non-independent identically distributed (non-IID) conditions, the adoption of ACS successfully improved the overall performance of FL in terms of accuracy and F1-score with an average of 4.62%. Furthermore, comparative analysis shows that the proposed ACS can achieve specific accuracy with 2.29% lower communication rounds and stable performance compared to other client selection mechanisms.

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#	Title	Status	Type	By
50	Campus-based Test-Bed Implementation of 5G+ Networks at the 28 GHz Band: Challenges and Opportunities The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (J-KICS)	Published	Domestic	Love Allen Chijioke
49	Sanjay Bhardwaj, Dong-Seong Kim,” Deep Q-Learning Based Sparse Code Multiple Access for Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication in Industrial Wireless Networks”, Telecommunication Systems, volume:83, number:4, pages:409–421, Aug-2023: DOI: 10.1007/s11235-023-01034-0 None	Preparation	International
48	Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Ade Pitra Hermawan, Dong-Seong Kim and Jae-Min Lee, "Data Prediction-Based Energy-Efficient Architecture in Industrial IoT", IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 15856-15866, July 15, 2023, , doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3280485 None	Accepted	International
47	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "DATA-FedAVG: Delay-Aware Truncated Accuracy-Based Federated Averaging for Intrusion Detection in UAV Network", The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS), vol. 48, no. 6, June 2023. None	Accepted	Domestic
46	Gabriel Avelino R. Sampedro, Syifa Maliah Rachmawati, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee, "Exploring Machine Learning-Based Fault Monitoring for Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing: Challenges and Opportunities", Sensors, Vol. 22, no. 23, 9446, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239446 None	Accepted	International
45	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Igboanusi Ikechi Saviour, Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Odinachi U. Nwankwo, Mohamed Abubakar Dini, Izuazu Urslla Uchechi, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee. " Medical IoT Record Security and Blockchain: Survey of Milieu, Milestones, and Momentum" IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials, (N8, N12, N13) (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
44	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Igboanusi Ikechi Saviour, Jung-Hyeon Kim, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee. "iBANDA: Incognito Blockchain-Assisted Network for Drone Authentication and Logistics Operations" IEEE Intelligent Transport System”, (N8, N12, N13) (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
43	Allwinnaldo, Revin Naufal Alief, Muhammad Rasyid Redha Ansori, Jae Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "Efficient Blockchain-based Energy Auction Platform for Secured Energy Trading on Industrial Sector," in Journal of KICS 2023 (A) None	Accepted	Domestic
42	Revin Naufal Alief, Syifa Maliah Rachmawati, Jae Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "Malicious Account Classification using CNN for Ethereum Blockchain's Accounts" in Journal of KICS 2023, Vol. 48, No. 7, 15 July 2023. None	Accepted	Domestic
41	Sanjay Bhardwaj, Da-Hye Kim and Dong-Seong Kim,” Backscatter-Enabled CR-NOMA Based Cooperative V2X Communication with Imperfect CSI”, Vehicular Communications, volume:42, pages:100611, 2023: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100611 None	Preparation	International
40	P. T. Daely, J. M. Lee and D.-S. Kim, "Wireless Node Localization Based on Wild Goats Algorithm for Industrial Internet of Things", KICS Journal, vol 48, no. 9, 2023 (In press)) None	Accepted	Domestic
39	김재우,류원재,이재민,김동성 "군용 네트워크 설계 및 분석을 위한 네트워크 시뮬레이션 도구 분석", 정보과학회지, vol.41, no.3, pp.40-50, Mar., 2023 None	Preparation	Domestic
38	차중혁, 김형진, 이재민, 김동성, "스마트 국방 분산 시스템을 위한 메시지 지향 미들웨어 연구 동향", 정보과학회지, vol.41, no.3, pp.32-39, Mar., 2023 None	Preparation	Domestic
37	Ali Aouto, Ali Moallem, and Dong-Seong Kim, "Hybrid Demand Responsive Public Transport System for Conventional Public Transport in City Metropolitan Area" KICS journal (Accepted) None	Accepted	Domestic
36	Philip Tobianto Daely, Jae Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "Vehicle Routing Based Mining for Proof-of-Useful-Work Blockchain", Journal of KICS (S) None	Submitted	Domestic
35	A Multi-MLP Prediction for Inventory Management in Manufacturing Execution System Internet of Things	Published	International	Ahmad
34	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Federated Learning-Based Intelligent Intrusion Detection Framework for Edge-Assisted UAV Network". IEEE Access (Rejected) None	Preparation	International
33	Nwankwo Odinachi Udemezuo, Shin Hee Jae, Ansori Mohammad Rasyid, Kim Young Won, Lee Jae-Hyun, Kim Dong-Seong, Lee Jae-Min "Blockchain Private Key Storage System using Nano IoT" (Rejected) None	Preparation	International
32	Paul Michael Custodio, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe , Jae Min Lee , Dong-Seong Kim " Intelligent Net-Metering Energy Prediction utilizing Optimized LSTM Neural Network Model" IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid (Processing) None	Preparation	International
31	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Ajakwe Ihunanya Udodiri, Dong Seong Kim, Taesoo JUn, Jae Min Lee, “CIS-WQMS: Connected Intelligence Smart Water Quality Monitoring Scheme”. Internet of Things Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2023.100800 None	Accepted	International
30	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee, “Drone Transportation System: Systematic Review of Security Dynamics for Smart Mobility”. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 16, pp. 14462-14482, August 15, 2023, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3266843(N8 and N12) None	Accepted	International
29	Muhammad Rasyid Redha Ansori, Allwinnaldo, Revin Naufal Alief, Ikechi Saviour Igboanusi, Jae Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "HADES: Hash-based Audio Copy Detection System for Copyright Protection in Decentralized Music Sharing," in IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2023.3241610. None	Accepted	International
28	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Synergic Multimodal Malicious Drone Surveillance in Data-Centric Drone Transportation Network" IEEE ITS (Rejected but to Resubmit) None	Submitted	International
27	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee. 2023. "ALIEN: Assisted Learning Invasive Encroachment Neutralization for Secured Drone Transportation System" Sensors 23, no. 3: 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031233 None	Accepted	International
26	Mark Verana, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee, "Real-time 3D Printing Anomaly Detection using Edge AI" (R) None	Preparation	International
25	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Vision-Based Framework for Aerial Recognition of Drones and Birds in Ground-to-Air Networks" Elsevier IoT (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
24	Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for Intrusion Detection and Mitigation in Intelligent Connected Vehicles: A Review Applied Sciences	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
23	Low Computational Cost Convolutional Neural Network for Smart Grid Frequency Stability PredictionLow Computational Cost Convolutional Neural Network for Smart Grid Frequency Stability Prediction Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
22	Mohtasin Golam, Esmot Ara Tuli, Revin Naufal, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee, "Meta-Learning: A Secure Distance Learning Approach Based on the Metaverse Platform Using Blockchain Technology", IEEE Transactions on Learning Technology. (Reject with New Submission Allowed) None	Preparation	International
21	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Efficient Intrusion Detection Model for Securing the Communication Links of Internet of Drone Network" IEEE Internet of Things (Under review) None	Under Review	International
20	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Enhanced Deep Learning Scheme Based On PANet for Real-Time Detection of Tomato Diseases" IEEE Intelligent Systems (Under review) None	Preparation	International
19	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "RF-RSCV: Robust Security Framework Against Intrusions in Internet of Drone Communication Networks " Journal of Communications and Networks (Under review) None	Under Review	International
18	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Federated Learning-Based Intelligent Intrusion Detection Framework for Edge-Assisted UAV Network" Winter Intensive 2023 None	Preparation	International
17	Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Ade Pitra Hermawan, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee, "FDPR: A Novel Fog Data Prediction and Recovery using Efficient DL in IoT Networks", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 19, pp. 16895-16906, October 2023, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3271026 None	Accepted	International
16	Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Revin Naufal Alief, Syifa Maliah Rachmawati, G.A. Sampedro, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee, "Proof-of-Authority-Based Secure and Efficient Aggregation with Differential Privacy for Federated Learning in Industrial IoT", Elsevier IoT, January 2023 (Under Review) None	Submitted	International
15	Md Javed Ahmed Shanto, Esmot Ara Tuli, Dong-Seong Kim, and Taesoo Jun "Deep Learning-Based Backlog Product Prediction for Metaverse Embedded Manufacturing Execution System"(Tentative) Winter Intensive 2023 None	Preparation	International
14	Blockchain-Empowered Distributed Aggregation for Secure and Efficient Federated Transfer Learning Intrusion Classification in IIoT Networks IEEE Internet of Things	Preparation	International	Ahmad
13	Esmot Ara Tuli, Mohtasin Golam, Rubina Akter, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "A Survey on Quantum Machine Learning Toward Future Technologies: Metaverse, Blockchain, Security, and Internet of Everything", Target: IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2023 Winter Intensive(Pr) None	Preparation	International
12	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "RBF-SVM Kernel-based Model for Detecting DDoS Attacks in SDN Integrated Vehicular Network", Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 140, No. 8, March 2023, 103026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.103026 None	Accepted	International
11	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "Falsification Detection System for IoV using Randomized Search Optimization Ensemble Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transport Systems, Vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 4158-4172, April 2023. Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10012276, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3233536 None	Accepted	International
10	Classification and Characterization of Encoded Traffic in SCADA Network using Hybrid Deep Learning Scheme Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN)	Accepted	International	Love Allen Chijioke
9	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Jae Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim, "Seoul-Simu: A Dataset for Evaluating Vehicular Traffic Misbehavior in an Asian Vehicular Traffic Scenario." - (Pr) None	Preparation	International
8	Syifa Maliah Rachmawati, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Jae Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, Digital Twin-Enabled 3D Printer Fault Detection for Smart Additive Manufacturing, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 124, September 2023, 106430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106430 None	Accepted	International
7	ACS: Accuracy-Based Client Selection Mechanism for Federated Industrial IoT Internet of Things	Published	International	Ahmad
6	Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "A Contemporary Survey of SCADA Intrusion Detection Frameworks: Approaches, Challenges, and Open Issues", IEEE Survey and Tutorials (R) None	Major Revision	International	Love Allen Chijioke
5	Trees Bootstrap Aggregation for Detection and Characterization of IoT-SCADA Network Traffic IEEE Industrial Informatics	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
4	Agnostic CH-DT Technique for SCADA Network High-Dimensional Data-Aware Intrusion Detection System IEEE Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
3	SCADA Intrusion Detection Scheme Exploiting the fusion of Modified Decision Tree and Chi-Square Feature Selection Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
2	Prospects and challenges of Metaverse application in data-driven intelligent transportation systems IET Intelligent Transport System	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
1	Judith Nkechinyere Njoku, Ebuka Chinaechetam Nkoro, Robin Matthew Medina, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim " Systematic Review of Digital Twin Applicability to Battery Management System: Case Study Approach", IEEE Transactions on intelligent Transportation Systems (Under Review) None	Preparation	International

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