Networked Systems Laboratory

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The Domain Name System (DNS) has evolved into an essential component of network communications, as well as a critical component of critical industrial systems (CIS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) network connection. DNS over HTTPS (DoH) encapsulating DNS within HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) does not eliminate network access exploitation. This paper proposes a hybrid deep learning model for the early classification of encoded network traffic into one of the two classes: DoH and NonDoH. They can be malicious, benign, or zero-day attacks. The proposed scheme incorporates the swiftness of the convolutional neural network (CNN) in extracting useful information and the ease of long short-term memory (LSTM) in learning long-term dependencies. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach accurately classifies the encoded network traffic as DoH or NonDoH and characterizes the traffic as benign, zero-day, or malicious. The proposed robust hybrid deep learning model had high accuracy and precision of 99.28%, recall of 99.75%, and AUC of 0.9975 at a minimal training and testing time of 745s and 0.000324s, respectively. In addition to outperforming other compared contemporary algorithms and existing techniques, the proposed technique significantly detects all attack types. This study also investigated the impact of the SMOTE technique as a tool for data balancing. To further validate the reliability of the proposed scheme, an industrial control system SCADA (ICS-SCADA) dataset, in addition to two (2) other cyber-security datasets (NSL-KDD and CICDS2017), were evaluated. Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC) was employed to validate the model performance, confirming the applicability of the proposed model in a critical industrial system such as SCADA.

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This study proposes secure federated learning (FL)-based architecture for the industrial internet of things (IIoT) with a novel client selection mechanism to enhance the learning performance. In order to secure the FL architecture and ensure that available clients are trustworthy, a certificate authority (CA) is adopted. In traditional FL, an aggregation technique known as federated averaging (FedAvg) is utilized to collect local model parameters by selecting a random subset of clients for the training process. However, the random selection may lead to uncertainty and negatively influence the overall FL performance. Moreover, state-of-the-art studies on client selection mainly rely on client’s additional information, which raises a privacy issue. Therefore, a novel client selection mechanism based on client evaluation accuracy called ACS is introduced in this work to improve FL performance while preserving client privacy. Unlike other client selection methods, ACS relies only on the updated local parameter, which is evaluated in the FL server. The proposed ACS considers the highest-performing clients to fasten the convergence time in the FL. Based on the extensive performance evaluation performed in this work using MNIST and F-MNIST datasets with non-independent identically distributed (non-IID) conditions, the adoption of ACS successfully improved the overall performance of FL in terms of accuracy and F1-score with an average of 4.62%. Furthermore, comparative analysis shows that the proposed ACS can achieve specific accuracy with 2.29% lower communication rounds and stable performance compared to other client selection mechanisms.

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#	Title	Status	Type	By
50	Nwankwo Odinachi Udemezuo, Shin Hee Jae, Ansori Mohammad Rasyid, Kim Young Won, Lee Jae-Hyun, Kim Dong-Seong, Lee Jae-Min "Blockchain Private Key Storage System using Nano IoT" (Rejected) None	Preparation	International
49	Paul Michael Custodio, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe , Jae Min Lee , Dong-Seong Kim " Intelligent Net-Metering Energy Prediction utilizing Optimized LSTM Neural Network Model" IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid (Processing) None	Preparation	International
48	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Ajakwe Ihunanya Udodiri, Dong Seong Kim, Taesoo JUn, Jae Min Lee, “CIS-WQMS: Connected Intelligence Smart Water Quality Monitoring Scheme”. Internet of Things Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2023.100800 None	Accepted	International
47	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee, “Drone Transportation System: Systematic Review of Security Dynamics for Smart Mobility”. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 16, pp. 14462-14482, August 15, 2023, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3266843(N8 and N12) None	Accepted	International
46	Muhammad Rasyid Redha Ansori, Allwinnaldo, Revin Naufal Alief, Ikechi Saviour Igboanusi, Jae Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "HADES: Hash-based Audio Copy Detection System for Copyright Protection in Decentralized Music Sharing," in IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2023.3241610. None	Accepted	International
45	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Synergic Multimodal Malicious Drone Surveillance in Data-Centric Drone Transportation Network" IEEE ITS (Rejected but to Resubmit) None	Submitted	International
44	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee. 2023. "ALIEN: Assisted Learning Invasive Encroachment Neutralization for Secured Drone Transportation System" Sensors 23, no. 3: 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031233 None	Accepted	International
43	Mark Verana, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee, "Real-time 3D Printing Anomaly Detection using Edge AI" (R) None	Preparation	International
42	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Vision-Based Framework for Aerial Recognition of Drones and Birds in Ground-to-Air Networks" Elsevier IoT (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
41	Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for Intrusion Detection and Mitigation in Intelligent Connected Vehicles: A Review Applied Sciences	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
40	Low Computational Cost Convolutional Neural Network for Smart Grid Frequency Stability PredictionLow Computational Cost Convolutional Neural Network for Smart Grid Frequency Stability Prediction Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
39	Mohtasin Golam, Esmot Ara Tuli, Revin Naufal, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee, "Meta-Learning: A Secure Distance Learning Approach Based on the Metaverse Platform Using Blockchain Technology", IEEE Transactions on Learning Technology. (Reject with New Submission Allowed) None	Preparation	International
38	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Efficient Intrusion Detection Model for Securing the Communication Links of Internet of Drone Network" IEEE Internet of Things (Under review) None	Under Review	International
37	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Enhanced Deep Learning Scheme Based On PANet for Real-Time Detection of Tomato Diseases" IEEE Intelligent Systems (Under review) None	Preparation	International
36	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "RF-RSCV: Robust Security Framework Against Intrusions in Internet of Drone Communication Networks " Journal of Communications and Networks (Under review) None	Under Review	International
35	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Federated Learning-Based Intelligent Intrusion Detection Framework for Edge-Assisted UAV Network" Winter Intensive 2023 None	Preparation	International
34	Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Ade Pitra Hermawan, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee, "FDPR: A Novel Fog Data Prediction and Recovery using Efficient DL in IoT Networks", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 19, pp. 16895-16906, October 2023, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3271026 None	Accepted	International
33	Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Revin Naufal Alief, Syifa Maliah Rachmawati, G.A. Sampedro, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee, "Proof-of-Authority-Based Secure and Efficient Aggregation with Differential Privacy for Federated Learning in Industrial IoT", Elsevier IoT, January 2023 (Under Review) None	Submitted	International
32	Md Javed Ahmed Shanto, Esmot Ara Tuli, Dong-Seong Kim, and Taesoo Jun "Deep Learning-Based Backlog Product Prediction for Metaverse Embedded Manufacturing Execution System"(Tentative) Winter Intensive 2023 None	Preparation	International
31	Blockchain-Empowered Distributed Aggregation for Secure and Efficient Federated Transfer Learning Intrusion Classification in IIoT Networks IEEE Internet of Things	Preparation	International	Ahmad
30	Esmot Ara Tuli, Mohtasin Golam, Rubina Akter, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "A Survey on Quantum Machine Learning Toward Future Technologies: Metaverse, Blockchain, Security, and Internet of Everything", Target: IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2023 Winter Intensive(Pr) None	Preparation	International
29	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "RBF-SVM Kernel-based Model for Detecting DDoS Attacks in SDN Integrated Vehicular Network", Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 140, No. 8, March 2023, 103026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.103026 None	Accepted	International
28	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "Falsification Detection System for IoV using Randomized Search Optimization Ensemble Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transport Systems, Vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 4158-4172, April 2023. Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10012276, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3233536 None	Accepted	International
27	Classification and Characterization of Encoded Traffic in SCADA Network using Hybrid Deep Learning Scheme Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN)	Accepted	International	Love Allen Chijioke
26	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Jae Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim, "Seoul-Simu: A Dataset for Evaluating Vehicular Traffic Misbehavior in an Asian Vehicular Traffic Scenario." - (Pr) None	Preparation	International
25	Syifa Maliah Rachmawati, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Jae Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, Digital Twin-Enabled 3D Printer Fault Detection for Smart Additive Manufacturing, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 124, September 2023, 106430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106430 None	Accepted	International
24	ACS: Accuracy-Based Client Selection Mechanism for Federated Industrial IoT Internet of Things	Published	International	Ahmad
23	Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "A Contemporary Survey of SCADA Intrusion Detection Frameworks: Approaches, Challenges, and Open Issues", IEEE Survey and Tutorials (R) None	Rejected	International	Love Allen Chijioke
22	Trees Bootstrap Aggregation for Detection and Characterization of IoT-SCADA Network Traffic IEEE Industrial Informatics	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
21	Agnostic CH-DT Technique for SCADA Network High-Dimensional Data-Aware Intrusion Detection System IEEE Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
20	SCADA Intrusion Detection Scheme Exploiting the fusion of Modified Decision Tree and Chi-Square Feature Selection Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
19	Prospects and challenges of Metaverse application in data-driven intelligent transportation systems IET Intelligent Transport System	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
18	Judith Nkechinyere Njoku, Ebuka Chinaechetam Nkoro, Robin Matthew Medina, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim " Systematic Review of Digital Twin Applicability to Battery Management System: Case Study Approach", IEEE Transactions on intelligent Transportation Systems (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
17	Revin Naufal Alief, Jae Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, "Blockchain-based Maintenance Record for Airline Industry (Tentative)", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2023 - Winter Intensive (Pr) None	Preparation	International
16	Yusuf Moallim, Jae-Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim, "CNN-LSTM Model for Short-term Residential Load Prediction Using Reinforcement Learning" (Pr) None	Preparation	International
15	Robin Matthew Medina, Critical Features for Audio-Based Hate Speech Detection in the Metaverse - Winter Intensive (Pr) None	Preparation	International
14	Mark Verana, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee, "Real-time 3D Printing Anomaly Detection using Edge AI" None	Preparation	International
13	Ali Aouto, Jae-Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim, "SortNet: Multivariate Energy Consumption Prediction Using Deep Learning For Smart Grids" (Pr) None	Preparation	International
12	Muhammad Rasyid Redha Ansori, Jae Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, "NFT-based Audio Copyright Protection Framework (Tentative)", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2023 - Winter Intensive (Pr) None	Preparation	International
11	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakama, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Federated Learning-Based Intelligent Intrusion Detection Framework for Edge-Assisted UAV Network" 2023 Winter Intensive; IEEE Access (Tentative) None	Preparation	International
10	Izuazu urslla uchechi, Nwakanma Cosmas , Ajakwe Simeon Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee "Multimodal Fusion-Based Model for hand Gesture Recognition in Robotic ", IEEE Access, 2023-Winter Intensive None	Preparation	International
9	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Synergic Multi-modal Malicious Drone Surveillance in Data-Centric Drone Transportation Network" IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology Journal (Processing) None	Preparation	International
8	Md Javed Ahmed Shanto, Esmot Ara Tuli, Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye, Ahmad Zainudin, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, and Taesoo Jun"Metaverse Embeded Inventory Management Solution for Manufacturing Execution System".(Tentative) Winter Intensive None	Preparation	International
7	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Vision-Based Framework for Aerial Recognition of Drones and Birds in Ground-to-Air Networks" Computer Vision and Image Understanding Journal (S) None	Preparation	International
6	Resource Allocation in Downlink VLC-NOMA Systems for Factory Automation Scenario Sensors	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
5	Etobi Damian Tita, Jae-Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim,"Blockchain Layer 2 Zero-Knowledge proofs: Perspectives and Challenges", IEEE Access, 2023-Winter Intensive None	Preparation	International
4	Judith Nkechinyere Njoku: Text-based Hate Speech Detection for Metaverse Applications using Deep Learning. - Winter Intensive - (Pr) None	Preparation	International
3	Ebuka Chinaechetam Nkoro, Judith Nkechinyere Njoku, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, Anonymous Network Traffic Detection and Classification in the metaverse using Machine Learning. - Winter Intensive - (Pr) None	Preparation	International
2	Artificial Intelligence for the Metaverse Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
1	Efficient Hybrid Task Offloading Scheme for Edge Computing in Dynamic Environments The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (J-KICS)	Published	Domestic	Love Allen Chijioke

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