Networked Systems Laboratory

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The Domain Name System (DNS) has evolved into an essential component of network communications, as well as a critical component of critical industrial systems (CIS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) network connection. DNS over HTTPS (DoH) encapsulating DNS within HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) does not eliminate network access exploitation. This paper proposes a hybrid deep learning model for the early classification of encoded network traffic into one of the two classes: DoH and NonDoH. They can be malicious, benign, or zero-day attacks. The proposed scheme incorporates the swiftness of the convolutional neural network (CNN) in extracting useful information and the ease of long short-term memory (LSTM) in learning long-term dependencies. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach accurately classifies the encoded network traffic as DoH or NonDoH and characterizes the traffic as benign, zero-day, or malicious. The proposed robust hybrid deep learning model had high accuracy and precision of 99.28%, recall of 99.75%, and AUC of 0.9975 at a minimal training and testing time of 745s and 0.000324s, respectively. In addition to outperforming other compared contemporary algorithms and existing techniques, the proposed technique significantly detects all attack types. This study also investigated the impact of the SMOTE technique as a tool for data balancing. To further validate the reliability of the proposed scheme, an industrial control system SCADA (ICS-SCADA) dataset, in addition to two (2) other cyber-security datasets (NSL-KDD and CICDS2017), were evaluated. Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC) was employed to validate the model performance, confirming the applicability of the proposed model in a critical industrial system such as SCADA.

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This study proposes secure federated learning (FL)-based architecture for the industrial internet of things (IIoT) with a novel client selection mechanism to enhance the learning performance. In order to secure the FL architecture and ensure that available clients are trustworthy, a certificate authority (CA) is adopted. In traditional FL, an aggregation technique known as federated averaging (FedAvg) is utilized to collect local model parameters by selecting a random subset of clients for the training process. However, the random selection may lead to uncertainty and negatively influence the overall FL performance. Moreover, state-of-the-art studies on client selection mainly rely on client’s additional information, which raises a privacy issue. Therefore, a novel client selection mechanism based on client evaluation accuracy called ACS is introduced in this work to improve FL performance while preserving client privacy. Unlike other client selection methods, ACS relies only on the updated local parameter, which is evaluated in the FL server. The proposed ACS considers the highest-performing clients to fasten the convergence time in the FL. Based on the extensive performance evaluation performed in this work using MNIST and F-MNIST datasets with non-independent identically distributed (non-IID) conditions, the adoption of ACS successfully improved the overall performance of FL in terms of accuracy and F1-score with an average of 4.62%. Furthermore, comparative analysis shows that the proposed ACS can achieve specific accuracy with 2.29% lower communication rounds and stable performance compared to other client selection mechanisms.

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#	Title	Status	Type	By
50	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "RBF-SVM Kernel-based Model for Detecting DDoS Attacks in SDN Integrated Vehicular Network", Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 140, No. 8, March 2023, 103026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.103026 None	Accepted	International
49	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "Falsification Detection System for IoV using Randomized Search Optimization Ensemble Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transport Systems, Vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 4158-4172, April 2023. Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10012276, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3233536 None	Accepted	International
48	Classification and Characterization of Encoded Traffic in SCADA Network using Hybrid Deep Learning Scheme Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN)	Accepted	International	Love Allen Chijioke
47	Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu, Jae Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim, "Seoul-Simu: A Dataset for Evaluating Vehicular Traffic Misbehavior in an Asian Vehicular Traffic Scenario." - (Pr) None	Preparation	International
46	Syifa Maliah Rachmawati, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Jae Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, Digital Twin-Enabled 3D Printer Fault Detection for Smart Additive Manufacturing, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 124, September 2023, 106430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106430 None	Accepted	International
45	ACS: Accuracy-Based Client Selection Mechanism for Federated Industrial IoT Internet of Things	Published	International	Ahmad
44	Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, "A Contemporary Survey of SCADA Intrusion Detection Frameworks: Approaches, Challenges, and Open Issues", IEEE Survey and Tutorials (R) None	Major Revision	International	Love Allen Chijioke
43	Trees Bootstrap Aggregation for Detection and Characterization of IoT-SCADA Network Traffic IEEE Industrial Informatics	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
42	Agnostic CH-DT Technique for SCADA Network High-Dimensional Data-Aware Intrusion Detection System IEEE Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
41	SCADA Intrusion Detection Scheme Exploiting the fusion of Modified Decision Tree and Chi-Square Feature Selection Internet of Things	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
40	Prospects and challenges of Metaverse application in data-driven intelligent transportation systems IET Intelligent Transport System	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
39	Judith Nkechinyere Njoku, Ebuka Chinaechetam Nkoro, Robin Matthew Medina, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim " Systematic Review of Digital Twin Applicability to Battery Management System: Case Study Approach", IEEE Transactions on intelligent Transportation Systems (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
38	Revin Naufal Alief, Jae Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, "Blockchain-based Maintenance Record for Airline Industry (Tentative)", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2023 - Winter Intensive (Pr) None	Preparation	International
37	Yusuf Moallim, Jae-Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim, "CNN-LSTM Model for Short-term Residential Load Prediction Using Reinforcement Learning" (Pr) None	Preparation	International
36	Robin Matthew Medina, Critical Features for Audio-Based Hate Speech Detection in the Metaverse - Winter Intensive (Pr) None	Preparation	International
35	Mark Verana, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee, "Real-time 3D Printing Anomaly Detection using Edge AI" None	Preparation	International
34	Ali Aouto, Jae-Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim, "SortNet: Multivariate Energy Consumption Prediction Using Deep Learning For Smart Grids" (Pr) None	Preparation	International
33	Muhammad Rasyid Redha Ansori, Jae Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, "NFT-based Audio Copyright Protection Framework (Tentative)", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2023 - Winter Intensive (Pr) None	Preparation	International
32	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakama, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Federated Learning-Based Intelligent Intrusion Detection Framework for Edge-Assisted UAV Network" 2023 Winter Intensive; IEEE Access (Tentative) None	Preparation	International
31	Izuazu urslla uchechi, Nwakanma Cosmas , Ajakwe Simeon Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee "Multimodal Fusion-Based Model for hand Gesture Recognition in Robotic ", IEEE Access, 2023-Winter Intensive None	Preparation	International
30	Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Synergic Multi-modal Malicious Drone Surveillance in Data-Centric Drone Transportation Network" IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology Journal (Processing) None	Preparation	International
29	Md Javed Ahmed Shanto, Esmot Ara Tuli, Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye, Ahmad Zainudin, Jae-Min Lee, Dong-Seong Kim, and Taesoo Jun"Metaverse Embeded Inventory Management Solution for Manufacturing Execution System".(Tentative) Winter Intensive None	Preparation	International
28	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Vision-Based Framework for Aerial Recognition of Drones and Birds in Ground-to-Air Networks" Computer Vision and Image Understanding Journal (S) None	Preparation	International
27	Resource Allocation in Downlink VLC-NOMA Systems for Factory Automation Scenario Sensors	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
26	Etobi Damian Tita, Jae-Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim,"Blockchain Layer 2 Zero-Knowledge proofs: Perspectives and Challenges", IEEE Access, 2023-Winter Intensive None	Preparation	International
25	Judith Nkechinyere Njoku: Text-based Hate Speech Detection for Metaverse Applications using Deep Learning. - Winter Intensive - (Pr) None	Preparation	International
24	Ebuka Chinaechetam Nkoro, Judith Nkechinyere Njoku, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee, and Dong-Seong Kim, Anonymous Network Traffic Detection and Classification in the metaverse using Machine Learning. - Winter Intensive - (Pr) None	Preparation	International
23	Artificial Intelligence for the Metaverse Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
22	Efficient Hybrid Task Offloading Scheme for Edge Computing in Dynamic Environments The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (J-KICS)	Published	Domestic	Love Allen Chijioke
21	Edge Computing Based Framework for Next Generation Naval Ship Combat Systems The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (J-KICS)	Published	Domestic	Love Allen Chijioke
20	Xuan-Qui Pham, Dong-Seong Kim et al., "Joint Partial Offloading and Resource Allocation for PVMEC" IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
19	Efficient Convolutional Networks for Robust Automatic Modulation Classification in OFDM-Based Wireless Systems IEEE Systems	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
18	Vivian Ukamaka Ihekoronye, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "RF-RSCV: Robust Security Framework Against Intrusions in Internet of Drone Communication Networks" Journal of Communications and Networks (Submitted) None	Under Review	International
17	Design of an In-Process Quality Monitoring Strategy for FDM-Type 3D Printer Using Deep Learning Applied Sciences	Accepted	International
16	Sanjay Bhardwaj, and Dong-Seong Kim,” Deep Q-Learning Based SCMA for URLLC in Industrial Wireless Networks”, Telecommunication Systems (TELS), 2022(Under Review) None	Preparation	International
15	Sanjay Bhardwaj, Da-Hye Kim and Dong-Seong Kim,” C-DRN Based Modulation Classification for Beyond 5G in Multipath Fading Channels”, IEEE Transction of Vehicular Technology, 2022(Under Review) None	Preparation	International
14	Sanjay Bhardwaj, Da-Hye Kim and Dong-Seong Kim,” Federated Learning Based Resource Allocation for V2X Communication”, IEEE Transaction of Vehicular Technology, 2022(Under Review) None	Preparation	International
13	Circular-based Reference Point Extraction Method for Correcting the Alignment of Round Parts Sensors	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
12	Md. Sajjad Hossain, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Jae-Min Lee and Dong-Seong Kim " Real-Time Task Allocation and Edge Node Classification with Fault Tolerance for the Internet of Battlefield Things." IET Communications, 2022 (Major Revision) None	Preparation	International
11	Gabriel Avelino Sampedro, Danielle Jaye Agron, Gabriel Amaizo, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "Design of a In-process Quality Monitoring Scheme for FDM-type 3D Printer using Deep Learning Algorithm", Applied Sciences (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
10	Gabriel Avelino Sampedro, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae Min Lee "IIoT-Enabled Predictive Maintenance in Smart Additive Manufacturing Factory using 5G Communications". IEEE Internet of Things (Under Review) None	Preparation	International
9	Xuan-Qui Pham, Dong-Seong Kim et al., "Distributed Cloud: A Cloud Computing and Networking Convergence Perspective" IEEE Communications Magazine (In-progress) None	Preparation	International
8	Distributed Cloud Computing: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, and Open Challenges IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
7	Mark Verana, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee, "A deep Survey on Artificial Intelligence Approaches for 3D Printing Anomaly Detection" (Summer Intensive 2022), IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (Pr) None	Preparation	International
6	Privacy-Enhanced Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection in Digital Twin-Enabled Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics	Preparation	International	Ahmad
5	Partial Computation Offloading in PVEC: A Game-Theoretic Approach IEEE Transactions Vehicular Technology	Published	International	Love Allen Chijioke
4	Yohana Jayanti Aruan, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Adinda Riztia Putri, Philip Tobianto Daely, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae Min Lee, "Backhaul Aggregator Design for Real-Time 3D Printer System," IEEE Communications Magazine (S) None	Preparation	International
3	Judith Nkechinyere Njoku, Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma, Gabriel Chukwunonso Amaizu, and Dong-Seong Kim, Prospects and challenges of Metaverse application in data-driven intelligent transportation systems. IET Intell. Transp. Syst. 17, 1– 21 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.12252 IET ITS	Accepted	International	Judith
2	Gabriel Amaizu, Judith Njoku Dong-Soeng Kim "Metaverse in Advanced Manufacturing: Applications and Limitations" ICT Express- Submitted None	Submitted	International
1	Hoa Tran-Dang, Dong-Seong Kim: "Distributed Computation Offloading Approach for Heterogeneous Fog Networks", IEEE Internet of Things Journal (In progress) None	Preparation	International

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